'Social Structures of Han China and Ancient Rome\r'

'During the socio-economic strainical era, Han china and antiquated capital of Italy were the pioneers for the intensify and the plethora of improve ments that took place in civilized societies. The Han Dynasty consisted of contumacious regional riots and rebellions against harsh state demands, and quaint capital of Italy expanded through the Mediterranean and areas of Hellenistic civilization.Together, these dickens civilizations introduced many essential changes in human conduct and provided an arena for the circularize of organized civilizations. Although both Han china and superannuated Rome acquired powerful phantasmal systems, antediluvian patriarch Rome’s social structure was distantthermost more(prenominal) incorporated than Han China’s in regards to treatment of women and social status.Han China and Ancient Rome both demonstrated prosperous, prestigious religious systems that influenced opposite religious systems. In Han China, many followe d Confucianism as a religion. Confucian teachings emphasized strong rein inrs and the consolidation of political power. Confucianism was not a religion, but a philosophy.It advocated rule by the highly educated, male elite, and it was primarily an estimable system. Respect for elders, art, music, and elegant calligraphy in the horticulture of scholar-bureaucrats were all beta. Other Confucian teachings were Legalism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism has exerted a distributive influence on other societies through come to the fore Asia.Confucianism has abnormal and been incorporated in nearly e real aspect of life. Education, goernment, behavior, and how the mass should live their lives are all connected and Confucianism provided a code and a guide to remove effective government and education, and lead a happy, palmy life.China’s Confucian ideals, technological advancements, and prosperous farming(prenominal) state captivated major thinkers in europium and the U nited States. The papist Empire provided an arena for the over parcel out of Christianity and the interaction of numerous diverse cultures. Christianity emerged during the first days of the roman Empire under Augustus. Originally an growth of Judaism, early Christianity had little to do with roman culture.In the centuries aft(prenominal) Jesus execution, many outside of Judaism converted to the new religion. by chance as many as 10 percentage of the Roman population were Christian by the stern century C.E. Christianity spread most rapidly among the abject and disadvantaged classes of the pudding stone. Christianity also won converts from among those seeking a more emotionally satisfying form of religion. Roman stability and communications aided in the spread of the religion.The early political form of Christianity was drawn from the proud constitution. In Christianity, bishops were governors of local communities and supervised activities from cities in which they resid ed. Bishops in the most powerful cities gained greater authority.The apostle Paul, who brought Christian beliefs to a wider public, was a critical figure in the dissemination of the new religion. Gradually Christian theologians began to define religious beliefs in terms of Greco-Roman philosophy. Christianity became the most creative intellectual area of later imperial culture.In this sense, Christianity was an important conservator of earlier intellectual traditions. Refusal of Christian communities to enrol in state rituals caused some early emperors to frustrate individuals and groups. Persecution was only episodic, and eventually the state was able to administer to the Church a legitimate, if subordinate, place in the world.Women enjoyed more freedom and status in Han China than in Ancient Rome, which was a much more structured society for women. Because marriages were arranged with family alliances in Han China, young men had as little say in the picking of their spouses as women. Young brides usually could rely on their powerful relatives to ensure that they were well treated in the new home.Widowed women were permitted to remarry, and all women participated in family ceremonies. Women of upper class families were often tutored in writing, the arts, and music. Although political positions were reserved for men, women could sometimes exert powerful influence from behind the throne.In Ancient Rome, on the other hand, the Roman law stipulated that the keep up is the judge of his wife. If she commits a fault, he punishes her; if she has drunk wine, he condemns her; if she has been guilty of adultery, he kills her. If divorced because of adultery, a Roman woman would lose one-third of her property and had to break away a special garment that set her apart(predicate) like a prostitute.As wives and mothers, many aristocratic Roman women wielded political power, but only through their husbands. inequality between men and women increased in the empireâ €™s final stages. Roman family structure was very patriarchal.There was much less lenience in the class structure of Han China than Ancient Rome. In Ancient Rome, there was class conflict between the festering ranks of the measly and the Roman aristocracy. Some political leaders attempted to aggrandize their careers on the basis of this conflict.Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, 2 tribunes, attempted to introduce land reform and other social legislation in favor of the poor between 133 B.C.E. and 123 B.C.E. Both were killed by aristocratic mandate. after contendds 107 B.C.E., the Roman consul Marius began to use paid volunteers to staff his armies in place of conscripted Roman citizens.The creation of a everlasting military force dedicated to its commander be the position of the Senate. A second commander, Sulla, drove out Marius and his political allies. A succession of military commanders prevail Roman politics thereafter. A civil war between two of them, Pompey and Juliu s Caesar, brought the republic to an end. After Caesar took over the government in 49 B.C.E., he introduced mingled reforms. The result was to destroy the political monopoly of the Roman aristocracy.Traditionalist senators plan against Caesar and had him assassinated in 44 B.C.E. Caesars death precipitated a civil war from which Caesars adopted son, Octavian, emerged the victor. While maintaining the outdoor(a) appearance of the republic, Octavian created an imperial state. For his success, he was granted the clear Augustus.The Han class systems were much different. In Han China, rebellion was to the highest degree nonexistent. Ordinary farmers held varying amounts of land, and those who worked on the land of others as tenants or did landless labor were even more miserable. Many peasants joined secret societies with colorful names. merchandiser classes became wealthier and more numerous, but they found it incredibly vexed to translate their profits into political power or soc ial status.However, even when people were unhappy, they did not complain. locating was often unchangeable, so unlike Ancient Rome, people did not and could not revolt. These great classical civilizations confer themselves to a variety of comparisons to other civilizations during the time.In particular, Confucianism of the Han Dynasty and Christianity of Ancient Roman have spread throughout the world. Because of the Roman Empire, Christianity has spread throughout Europe from Jerusalem to Mesopotamia. Today, it is most influential in North and South America and Europe.Because of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism and Confucian ideas have had an impact on Eastern Asia, especially Japan, Egypt, and Vietnam, and it has even influenced Taoism. Even though both Han China and Ancient Rome acquired incredible religious systems, Ancient Rome’s social structure was far more controlling than Han China’s in regards to treatment of women and social status.\r\n'