Characteristics of Developing Countries Essay

Characteristics of Developing Countries BY Hafeez260 The field of this essay is the importance of a study of other semi-developed countries as they struggle for economical growth, the elimination of stool poverty and, at the governmental level, for democratisation and the reduction of reliance on coercion. New countries be finding their voices in all sorts of ways and are managing to interest an international(a) audience.S out(a)h Africa is non least(prenominal) among them contemporary international consciousness of the travail of our peculiar(a) path towards modernity testifies at least to a considerable national talent for dramatic ommunication and (for those who care to encounter to a greater extent late) a far-off from extinct tradition of moral conscientiousness. one(a) aspect of this flowering is a rapidly growing crop of well-disposed scientific studies of semi-developed countries of which this university is fortunate to have a substantial collection, contained mainly in the library of Jan Smuts House.From this literature, one can extract five themes of particular interest. The first is the problem of uneven development and effective national unification, especially in deeply divided societies. Capitalist development has mpinged on semi-developed countries from outside rather than transforming slowly from within, incorporating different groups in different ways. Particular problems acquire when differential incorporation coincides in substantial measure with boundaries between heathenish groups.If Donald Horowitzs remarkable study of ethnic groups in conflict is right, more energy goes into attempting to maximise differences in the welfare of in groups and out groups than into maximize their Joint welfare, with adverse consequences for the possibilities of building the national political and economic institutions infallible for development. Gordon Tullock has argued that this is an additional reason for preferring market-based rather t han state-led economic growth in deeply divided societies. In itself it is, but the secondary effects of different paths on distribution have to be taken into account.In so far as they twist to worsening differentials between groups, the possibility of heightened conflict is created. The tho long-term hope is to make ethnic boundaries less salient the happiest final result would seem to be when ethnicity becomes decorative in a high income economic environment. This is likely to be the work of decades, perhaps of enturies even so, appalling retrogressions of all time seem to remain possible. The consequence of deep divisions is that there is likely to populate an unusually large number of prisoners quandary situations. The prisoners dilemma arises when partners in crime are apprehended and held separately. The prisoners go out be Jointly better off if they do not tell on each other, but each prisoner will be better off if he informs on the other, while the other does not infor m on him. Attempts at individual maximisation may lead to both prisoners informing on each other which leads to the orst Joint outcome. The dilemma arises because of the absence of the opportunity for co-operation. ) Under such conditions, negotiation skills are at a premium.There are also advantages in the acceptance of a deontological liberal philosophy which (in the shorthand of political philosophers) places the right over the soundly. This involves seek to regulate social relations by Just procedures while going individuals as free as possible to pursue their own, diverse conceptions of the good life. Such an attention should be paid simultaneously to the reduction of poverty. The analytic Marxist, Adam Przeworski has analysed analogous problems which arise in the case of severe severalize conflict.In his view, social democratic compromises are held together by fairness of the propensity of capitalists to reinvest part of their profits with the effect of increasing worke r incomes in the future. Class compromise is made possible by two simultaneous expectations workers expect that their incomes will rise over time, while capitalists expect to be able to devote some of their profits to consumption. In conditions of severe crystalise conflict, these expectations about the future become ncertain, time horizons shorten, workers become militant, capitalists disinvest and political instability results.Three forms of resolution are available stabilising international intervention, negotiation or renegotiation of a social contract or the change of the position of one or other class by a shift towards conservatism or renewal. Przeworskis sternest warnings are to Marxists who assume that revolution and the introduction of socialism is the inevitable outcome of a crisis. The second theme in the literature on semi-developed countries has to do with their position within the piece economy. Three related sub-themes can be identified.Firstly, there has been a line of reasoning about the forms and limits of the diffusion of industrialisation. Dependency theory now somewhat out of fashion, since its predictions of severe limitations on industrialisation in developing countries have been falsified asseverate that relationships between developing and developed countries are such as to save the latter in perpetual economic subordination. The contrary thesis that locomote industrial countries have had to deal with increased competition arising from quite widespread diffusion now seems more plausible.