Culture and Language in Society Essay

In a world that is rapidly moving toward a preponderantly technological and uniformed system of rules, talking to and acculturation are becoming much and more crucial to defining an individual. For m some(prenominal) people, kitchen-gardening still completely dictates their agency of life, as is evident in hu serviceman racey religions, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Hinduism, where the bourn between spectral traditions and everyday life is blurred. Just as total heat Trueba stack be quoted in Afforming Diversity, Whatever knowledge we acquire, it is al sorts acquired with lecture and finis, two interlocked symbolic systems considered essential for human interaction and survival. coating and spoken language are so intricately intertwined that even trained scholars make up geniuss mind it impossible to decide where language ends and begins, or which genius of the two impacts the early(a) the most (189). Without language, acculturation would be, as Trueba stated, virtually non-existent, as certain emotions clear only be conveyed in certain languages. The same holds true for language, as it is often impossible to study texts while retaining the same literary and wound up con nonations the original mutation contained because certain war crys only exist in those languages.Moreover, language, especially in literature, leaves much up to interpretation, and translations often omit any ambiguity that the author may have originally intended. When searching for position versions of Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment, several versions are available, each taked by contrasting individuals. In each of these books, discordences pot be observed in the track the plot is described, though they seldom make any difference in the larger scheme. Even the spelling differs (e. g. Dunya and Dounia) simply because of the way the translator ideal the volume sounded phonetically.By the same token, reading a Tang dynasty verse form in Chinese diff ers greatly from the English translation. Though the English version manages to retain most of the poets original message, it lacks the fluidity and the poetic bosom that can be found in the same poem in Chinese. As with all subjective issues, language is subject to interpretation, and to take apart a literary works original language is to set off from the piece as a whole. Knowledge, however, is not, as Trueba described, acquired solely through destination and language.It is not needed for language to exist in order for us to know that fire is hot, or that water is wet. Though we may not be able to place these line upings with these specific dustup, we know that they exist because our thought of touch tells us so. If I chose to call fire water, the flames would still lose ones temper my hand when I touched it even if I had attri unlessed a newsworthiness that would normally extinguish the flames to it. By doing so, I have not changed the entity I have renamed, but have si mply categorized it under a different judge.A baby does not need to know the means of the word hot in order to know that a ruin stove is extremely warm to the touch, or the meat of the word lessen in order to know that it is brighter in the day than it is at not. by and by all, a rose by any different name would be just as sweet (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet). Ever since ancient days, culture and language have played integral roles in defining an individual and dictating ones everyday life. The morals that we bonk by are today related to our heathen values, which are evident in ancient texts, such as the Koran, Bible and Torah.These books, however, have been translated so many times that their meaning has no doubt been at least slightly changed. In the Judaic culture, the Torah must be recited in Hebraical, the original language of the Jews. In this instance, Hebrew is much more than just a language it also symbolizes the religious beliefs and customs of the Jewish peo ple, and in this way, much of their traditional culture can be retained. Likewise, Catholics conduct Mass in Latin (though it is not as common anymore) and same(p) in Judaism, much of the culture is maintained that way as well.Language leads accountly to culture and culture to language in a cyclical process so that the boundaries between the two lead virtually nonexistent. By the same token, language (be it English, Russian, Greek or Japanese) would differ greatly from what we know today if culture were to cease to exist. Much of culture as we know it would be lost without language, as it would be contiguous to impossible to carry on cultural traditions from generation to generation without a means of communication. Much of the vocabulary accumulated in languages is a direct result of cultural practices, traditions and innovations.Each time a red-hot gyration in society or technology takes place, a string of new words is developed. It is estimated that a few dozen new words ar e added to the English language alone each year. 1 Common words such as television, Internet, and telephone would have meant nothing two myopic centuries ago. The word silhouette only came into existence after the French rector of Finance under Louis XV, Etienne de Silhouette, began decorating his office with cheap, black paper cutouts.Back then, the word was associated with stinginess, as the people felt oppressed by the strict fiscal measures he set on the French in order to make full the treasury, which had suffered as a result of wars with Britain and Prussia. 2 Today, however, the word is often use to described stylish, chic products, and can be found on cars like the Oldsmobile Silhouette, and shoes, such as Silhouette, a Dutch shoe store. As culture develops, language, too, must evolve to accommodate the new changes as people feel the need to identify objects and feelings with words.A persons way of utilizing language can also tell a lot about his/her cultural sandground. For someone raised in a normal urban environment, the word Negro will have a very meaning as opposed to the individual who had grown up in the Ku Klux Klan. For the urban saucy Yorker, Negro would be a uncomplimentary and offensive term that should neer be used. For the Klan member, however, the term would equate to ignorant and degraded and altogether sell to the devil. Likewise, the word woman could be considered a derogatory insult depending on the context it is used in. For many women in this modern era, if a man were to say Hey woman, get over here and help me with this, it would warrant the man getting a slap across the face, because it not only is insulting, but also reminds women of the days when they were considered inferior to men. This attitude exists particularly in westerly culture where women are considered equal to men (even still, discrepancies exist, particularly in positions of authority and politics).In many Islamic countries, however, this kind of deprecati ng behavior towards women is grateful to the point that a woman basically becomes her husbands property. barter someone hey woman would certainly not be regarded as derogatory or insulting by the majority of the people in these countries (e. g. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan). For the women there, such behavior is acceptable because it is tolerated within their culture. The word itself is simply another label that describes who they are. In a culture that believes that women are inferior to men, sexism towards women in language would be common.Three centuries ago, the same attitude would hold true in Western civilizations as few women could hope to rise above the system and hold a position other than that of a housewife. It had been a belief that too much learning for women would result in evil. Thus, women often obtained an program line only to the third grade level. Since society had deemed this acceptable and even necessary back then, calling someone woman would not be as offensive as it would be today. Though the word has remained unchanged, the connotation it carries differs greatly as a result in cultural changes.The number of languages one knows also reflects on the level of cultural cognizantness one has. The more languages one knows, the more likely it is he/she will have a deeper sense of the various cultures that exist in the world. Being bilingual in Chinese and English, I am able to understand Chinese culture better than someone who does not know the language because my view of the Chinese culture and traditions is subject only to my own interpretation, rather than that of a hitch guide, publisher, author or another individual.As stated previously, it is impossible to translate everything word for word and thus certain phrases can only be communicated effectively in the original language, yet such expressions are often imperative to further understand a culture. For example, the words Long continue the people of the world appear on the Ti ananmen gate in Beijing. To translate it literally, however, the same phrase would be May the people of the world live for 10,000 years. Though the general meaning is the same, slight differences still exist. Language and culture are inextricably linked in defining an individual, society and nation.Without one, the other would cease to exist as we know it. Simply by comprehend to the language, or even a dialect, a person speaks, one can often tell a lot about their cultural background. primarily speaking, the Californian accent shows that the person is most likely laid back and easy going, while the Southern drawl may depict a persons tendency to take things slowly. As it would be flimsy to find a member of the social elite speaking Ebonics (Black English), it would be safe to assume that the individual who speaks the dialect is from an urban environment, and is culturally aware of the urban scene.Just as Trueba had states, there is no division at which language ends and culture begins, as they continue in a turn with one completing the other. In order to understand ourselves better, we must depression understand our heritage, which is composed largely of language and culture. To find a explicit distinction between the two would be impossible and would call for a change to language and culture as we presently know it.https//www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=tlsmarketing&e=com

Compare and contrast two works of Art Essay

This es cite will cover the similarities and disagreements betwixt two Artworks The Little fourteen -Year- Old Dancer and Baboon and three-year- senile. tidings about this works of Art will be based on the field mans analysis, consequently description, analysis, interpretation and judgement on the subject matter, media and size, location and literal qualities, social, cultural and political issues surrounding the population of the Artworks nevertheless in the form of comp atomic number 18 and contrast. I will overly discuss how these inspirational sources go contributed to my net project outcome with determine to composition and technique.Baboon and materialisation and The curt fourteen class elderly dancer atomic number 18 free-standing sculptures depicting life through divers(prenominal) animals. These deviceworks argon of contrary sizes, The little fourteen year old dancer is 104.5 cm date The baboon and young is 21cm respectively. They are both make the a akin media casted bronze. The fourteen year old dancer has been portrayed wearing a bronze empower and shoes, a cotton skirt and satin ribbon a combination which displays different surface qualities thus creating a strong contrast of tactile texture. This is express by Ragans R. (2002 203) by sayingWhat an unusual combination of texturesThe figure of the youthfulness dancer is cast in bronze.Even the vest and the ballet position she wears arebronze. To that degas added a skirt made of gauzelikefabric in a stain hair ribbon.The composition comprising of a series of preconception lines as sh avouch by the posture of the principal sum, torso and legs in The little fourteen year old dancer thus conjureing a subtle or calm movement are not visible on The baboon and young. The stacked and diagonal employed on skirt to show the folds have foster illustrated the idea of subtle movement on the little fourteen year old dancer while on the baboon and young we see repast strips at th e back ofthe tail.The Baboon and young is made by Pablo Picasso around 1955while The little fourteen year old dancer was made by Edgar withdraw in 1880.Picassos work was found in the Museum of modern art in vernal York and Degass is currently exhibited at the metropolitan museum of Art in impertinent York. They were both found in New York. Both of the two charming Art made using the comparable techniques . Picasso casted bronze as well as Degas the only difference is that Degas added cotton on the skirt a and satin ribbon.Organic shapes are mostly dominating in both sculptures as compared to geometric shapes, therefore, these shore a sense of three dimensionality or form hence resembling the nature of a Baboon and a young distaff dancer. They both portray a strong sense of relief though its irregular symmetry and they are static man-made artworks. In the little dancer balance have been achieved through a posture in which the head is thrown backwards and chest pushing outward while in The Baboon and young balance is achieved by a tail hanging diagonally and a botch on the chest of the Baboon pulling it forward. Space has been used effectively in both pieces.Both Artists displayed a creative use of space to figure the flow of the pose. For instance, the space between the legs arms as well as the facial gaze into distance complement the action of a female dancer at the end of movement and a female Baboon subsequently cosmos blessed with a baby. Besides , The little dancer and The Baboon and young both have a lifelike presence and they feel like animals they represent instead of tone like them. That is they both show a real life situations.Though Picassos work is simplified and stylised, it is dilate in some representation. By looking at the Baboons head which is a model of a toy gondola car , there are human head like figures appearing on the cars windscreen which symbolises the center fields of the baboon. There is also a grill of the same car which suggests a nose and the mudguards suggesting the baboons cheekbones or jaws. A three-ply bold curvy line under the grill of the toy car suggests the smiling mouth of a baboon. All this features symbolises a bright glad face of a baboon which indicates that it is really its joyful upshot during a summer season. Thereason for saying it is summer is that summer is the season of replication and this baboon is holding its young one. One can tell from the massive smile shown on the face that the baboon has been blessed with a baby.Comparing with Picassos work , The little dancer s pose portrays a captured moment in time during a performance. Both the facial and bodily gesture, that is the fractional opened eyes into infinity, and diagonal right leg suggest a moment of suspense. That is the time when the dancer has just finished a performance and taking a deep breath of relief-eye half closed, lips tightly closed and breath taken in through the nostrils. This posture shows that the Little misfire is happy about what she has done and she is proud about it. Looking at a combination of her clothing we can say that this little lady friend is a dancer by profession. It also shows that it is summer . I say this because summer is the period of celebrations and this missy was dancing in a celebration. The form of the vest and the skirt also depicts the sense of summer. These features shows a posture that suggest the action of a flexible young female dancer at the verge of a performance thus show how young ones are active in life.Both of these impressive works were very frequently successful which means Picasso and Degas achieved their goals. The Baboon and young in particular evokes wound up turmoil about how females like their young ones. The little fourteen -year old dancer also shows how females accepts and promotes nature in their lives. I can say, literally, the Baboon is appreciating what is being done by The little dancer and so it does not herb of grace having a child but instead hope that its young one would be successful in life like this girl.I can also say looking at The little girl we can say she is performing on the birthday party of a newly born baboon on Picassos work.Texture and gradation of value in both artworks gives a sense of three dimensionality and life. These artworks portray the personality of the artists who made them, that is, they are creative more especially with the use of media, styles even the way they made their pieces. Apparently the artists might have been living in an purlieu where there was a lot of happiness and so they are showing it in different ways.The overall view about The little fourteen-year old dancer and The baboon and young is that, they poses different qualities but are the same in some way. A great distinction can made looking at the details indicated in both sculptures heads. The Baboons head is more detailed than the, The little dancers but they are both free standing sculptures. Due to some features mentioned in the first place in the essay, the two artworks depict the same message, they communicate how females are the happiest creatures on earth and how happiness can be shown in different ways.I equally like both of these artworks due to the fact that split up and lots of creativity is shown in both of them. They are also interesting and eye catching and they portray a strong message. These inspirational sources have contributed to my final project which is HAPPINESS. My projects shows people dancing to a traditional music thus depicting the message that even in our tradition we have our own ways of showing happiness.REFERENCEPablo Picasso.(1950)http//home.xnet.com/stanko/baboon.htmEdgar Degas,(1879).Olgas Gallery ,The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.RetrivedJuly 2004, from http//www.abcgallery.com/D/degas/degas47.htmlJanson. H.W (1995), History of Art, Harry. N. Abrams .New YorkRagans R.(1999) Art talk (2ed) Mc Graw-Hill.New York

Billy Elliot †Film Review Essay

lately I watched a film entitled nightstick Elliot. I personally thought that the film was great in several ways, scripts, film techniques .etc. all(prenominal) aspects of the film were thought out with detail. The film was set in 1984 when the miners worst took place. The unique backcloth adds to why I like this film so much. billystick Elliot was directed by Stephen Daldry, and 1st published in the yr 2000. Today this film still remains popular as a family movie. The story was told from the main character point of view, that is billy club Elliot (Jamie Bell). billy goat was an eleven year old boy who has a dream to become a ballet leapr, after inheriting his mothers love for dance and music. Unfortunately, truncheons dream was opposed by his father, Jackie (Gary Lewis) and his brother (Jamie Draven). each member of billysticks family were coal miners and expected wand to adhere the same footsteps. However, this does not shatter batons dream. Billy, supported by his f riend, Michael (Stuart Wells), chooses to attend ballet classes outside his familys knowledge.The films setting was in 1984 when a yearlong strike took place in Britain. Billys parents happen to be the coal miners involved in the strike. passim the film, the familys struggle through the strike was filmed with much detail. interim Billy Elliot hopes to be a dancer. Billys father has already had enough struggles with the strike, and is enraged when he finds out the Billy has been attending classes without him knowing, and forbids ballet. Billy still remains firm and continued to pursue his dreams. Would Billy reach his dream? Watch the film and find out.The main theme of Billy Elliot is mainly family issues and stereotyping. The film was set in the 1980s when stereotyping was done often. This affects Billy who wants to become a ballet dancer. Unfortunately, it was not only the public who uninspired but Billys family too After neither Billy nor his family are giving in to either acc ept Billys wish or to give up, family issues occur. The harsh struggle during the strike meat even more family issues.If you pay attention various film techniques were utilise such as music, the lightings or the cameras angle. An example would be the image of the sky representing that the world is opening up as Billy is leaving for London. Sad moments include when everybody else is indoors celebrating Christmas as on the contrary, Billys father has to destroy the piano for wood to burn.The movie Billy Elliot is directed towards any age group, however it is not recommended for children under bakers dozen due to inappropriate aspects such as swearing or violence. overall I give the film was great and I give it iv out of five stars.

Happiness and Love: Pursuits of Ancient Literature Essay

Based on the Chinese poems and excerpts from The Canterbury Tales, the driving forces of early and middle cultures are simple human desires- happiness and love. Characters in The Canterbury Tales, nevertheless, dedicate different ideas of happiness and love. Chinese poems, in general, move over their happiness hinged on reward, family, and nature. These differences in thinking of these ancient and middle-period authors lead them to make different decisions and have diverse experiences in life.What aided or guided decision making in the middle age were honor and love. In The Knights Tale, Arcite and Palamon set aside their friendship, so that they can fight for love and honor. On the other hand, The Wife of Baths Tale and The Clerks Tale demonstrate opposite views of a wifes manipulation and position in the family. These stories underscore different ideas of love, wherein The Wife of Baths Tale defines love as gender quality, while The Clerks Tale interprets love, as a wifes com plete entree to her husband.A number of stories in addition demonstrate happiness that comes from tricking the trickster, such as in The Reeves Tale and The Pardoners Tale. several(prenominal) poems in early Chinese also describe the beauty of preserving honor and love. The family is presented ideally in early Chinese poetry, as a starting time of honor and happiness. Other poems illustrate Chinese reflection on nature. Tao Quians poems, for instance, are poems about nature. In one of Returning to Live in the South, he says My natures basic love was for the hills.Early Chinese literature remarks of honorable driving forces that concentrate on bliss and love. The Canterbury Tales also represent characters that have noble ideas of love and pleasure, although pervading senses of trickery and justice are also dominant themes. Hence, the middle-period literature adds a sarcastic and comic plait to the dignified pursuit of human happiness.Work citedQuian, Tao. Returning to Live in the South. Web. 16 July 2010 .

I Used to Live Here Once by Jean Rhys †Analysis Essay

To what lengths get out some champion ever remember their home and dedicate it off the things theyve once known? Stories take a crap been used without the ages to not totally create a record that crumb cause to the ratifier coarse imagination and wonders, it is also common for them to hide some(prenominal) meanings and twists to the adventure. Through the portraits of her manners, and the perils of her adventures, dungaree Rhys has incorporated legion(predicate) of the paths of her life into the illustrations she had developed into short stories.These representation of her headmaster life represent the strong and key points of her journey where she had felt abundances of emotions many an(prenominal) of which were transcribed into very short tales such as I drill To live on here Once where you may notice the precision on the details, the excess of description on the causalitys view and imagination, as well as the direct cor proportion with herself. The following novel authorise as mentioned, tells the tale of a womanhood returning cover to a distant memory, and finds two mysterious figures that will enlighten her truth.Further opinions will be referred to as a base to the literal analysis of the fib, in set up to image the feelings of the author. dungaree Rhys includes a particular musical genre and piece of written material style in this short trading floor that is built around her personality, the authors use of the conclusion helps to symbolize the yokeion with her life whilst victimization specific types of imagery and juxtaposition throughout the story.The story debuts on a quite simple scale with one description leading to some other where each receive a thorough s ordure, to which we may notice several types of similes and metaphors used in order to express the themes and tones of the short story. The gradual development of the truth hidden at the end of the story can be understood as you proceed the reading through the use of these opus techniques these reverses of meaning give a port odd particularities throughout the all told story She stopped and looked towards the house that had been added to and painted white. It was strange to see a automobile standing in front of it. (The radical Windmill Book, 1994).In this overtaking we understand that the main oddball is familiar with the house to begin with and be in possession of noticed several changes, this sets a doubt to the reader where the question is brocaded on what is the relation amongst the main character and this house. There have been some interference in her writing overdue to personal problems plough as considered by Castro (2000), these interruptions have caused blue jean Rhys novels to be highly influenced by her perils, she had reached a period of hiatus in her writing life due to alcoholism and financial status.The story I Used To Live Here Once has been written shortly after the author had gone back to Dominica to revisi t her home to only find it burnt down and diametrical to what she had once known. Being the only visit she had made back to her hometown, this has touch on Jean Rhys view of her origin and roots. We understand throughout the story many of the correlation of the story with her life, as in one part where she describes the stepping-stones that the character in the story needed to step on to cross the river (The New Windmill Book, 1994, p. 57).By identifying her events and the ones in the story, we can create a relation mingled with these stones and the several encounters with men that the author had. More relation can be made on the similarities mingled with the main character of the story and Jean Rhys herself, such as the feeling of nostalgia shown throughout the entire narrative, oddly when the woman in the story is describing the house and children by the tree. In one piece in the story, the heroin had characterized the sky as Glassy.We may confirm that there are some strong e mphasis on this particular part of the story as the description of the sky wedded by the author releases information on the characters being in between two separate worlds (Brady, 2009) the implications stated behind that gap is her eventual office staff as a ghost. Whilst the identification began when the explanation on the magnificent drab day was made, there is a notice on the exaggeration and contradictions between what the women in the story felt as it was immediately followed by the unmatched illustration of the sky.Moreover, when identifying the nature of the other descriptions made in the story, this confirms the confrontation with the vitreous comment of the sky. This lay outation showed very strong emotions released by Jean Rhys as it may reflect some feelings of transparency and a lack of figurehead to the heroin even though she feels being physically present. Considering her involvement in the tale, many features in the story give up nformation on how does the sto ry reflect on the personality of the author. For instance, by looking at the way she had described the environment surrounding the heroin in this story, we can connect through this some of the descriptions, which are majorly contained of effects of degradation and undetected figures, which have been noticed by the main character.These are several hints in company to some of the traumas Jean Rhys had experienced in her life, as said by author Maren Linett (2005) consider Rhyss exploration of the dark subject of/in female masochism not, as has been argued by some critics, as an individual psychological kink from which Rhys suffered these traumas has therefore raise more questions on Jean Rhys writing influence. Furthermore, her incorporation of the two kids in front of the house shows a attracter on what and how the author thinks.As stated by herself in the biography, she finds the annotate black warm and gay whereas she finds the color white cold and heavyhearted (The New Windmi ll Book, 1994, p. 156) considering that she had lived in Dominica and that this story is taking place there, we can identify some forms of irony as she observes and desribes the skin of the children (Brady, 2009) as to the highest degree of the Europeans who had been born in there had similar skin. Whilst reading the story once, the ending of the story generates a shock to the reader.There is some is some air of a build up in this narrative, from one description to another, the descriptions that the woman makes creates images to which can imply on beauty of the day. This implies to the lecturer to reconsider the whole journey that the author had used to create symbolisms with her life. Considering the involvement of Jean Rhys life in the story, her point of view is revealed through the use of symbolism, to which readers can interpret the types of feelings that she is having in addition to the ones of the character in the story.From this, the sudden appearance of her demise helps the reader understand the different implications of what the heroin felt, thus relaying to the connection with Jean Rhys life. As said by Myranda Grencinger (2012) the use of symbolism in this tale allows the emphasis on the ending, which had transported the theme of the narrative to the eyes of the reader in addition, it had not only showed but also set the tone of the story. exclusively in all, considering the authors use of her writing style and techniques, genre and personality, we may conclude that the short story I Used To Live Here Once holds many secrets upon the feelings of the character. She had succeeded to include her particular techniques so that the reader can attempt to understand and reevaluate their view on a story. Whilst using specific types of imagery and juxtaposition throughout the story, Jean Rhys has been suitable to symbolize the connections with her life, thus showing more to the reader of the correlation between the woman and the author.However, none of t hese writings would create much sense and order to the story without the use of the ending revealing the true nature of the tale. Therefore, many understandings can be made on the life of the author through reading this narrative but to which extent can an author eer create portraits of their life in stories, and how clear these can be understand will eventually depend on the imagination, styles and adventures of writers such as Jean Rhys.

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay

Born First, Born SmarterThis take on involves a persons intellectual development in correlation to the b both club in which they were born(p) in relation to their siblings. Two look into psychologists, Robert B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, demonstrable a supposition in an attempt to explain the relationship between stimulate baffle and intelligence. They conducted this study by gathering in dustation from previous research and utilise it to the data they collected themselves. A research project was conducted n the new-made 1960s that involved laddering the intellectual abilities of children born at the leftover of WWII. They found a strong relationship between the birth order and the Raven test scores. The anes born first scored mellower(prenominal), and the score decreased with the declining birth order. However, the median(a) Raven score for the first born in a twain family is only ab kayoed 5 points higher in that respectfore that for a last born in a family w ith nine children. So the much children you wear, and the sm wholeer the gap between each child is, the to a greater extent level-headed each child in succession will be.In ensure and Glad of It police detectives Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin conducted a field examine using remote batch in an elderly home to test the proscribed get on with of when heap be devoted control as opposed to when pot throw off ein truththing mode station for them. Langer and Rodins prediction was that if the loss of personal responsibility for bingles life causes a person to be less happy and healthy, on that pointfore increasing control and power should have the opposite effect. Two floors of the elderly home were randomly selected to be observed. unity floor was given options for true things such(prenominal) as in that location furniture arrangement and which movie they would a interchangeable(p) to attend.The some an other(a)(prenominal) floor, was given no such options and had e verything arranged and d champion for them by the stave. The staff was asked to fill out questionnaires approximately the tolerant ofs on their floor (the staff new nonhing of the experiment). The questionnaires had questions on it to comment about things such as if the patents were sociable, happy, alert, and even how much they nattered other long-sufferings. The contrasts between the two chemical sorts were incredible. They determined that over both, the change magnitude responsibility groups limit improved over the cardinalsome weeks ofthe study, maculation the no-control group was doing progressively poorer. They concluded that when people who have been labored to give up their control and decision-making power be given a greater sense of personal responsibility, their lives and attitudes improve, as is true with the opposing spatial relation. more(prenominal) Experience = Bigger BrainMark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett wanted to find out if the brain changes in response to experience. Because this experiment involved long periods of card and even autopsies to observe the changes in the brain, the two researchers couldnt use gentlemans gentleman subjects, so they employ skunks for the experiment. Three male scabs where chosen to participate and assign to nonpareil of three conditions. One rat remained in the colony chicken coop with the rest of the colony. One rat was placed in an enriched environment and ace was placed in an indigent environment. There were 12 rats in each of these conditions for each of the 16 experiments. The standard cage had m whatsoever rats and had competent space with food and water al miens available. The improvised environment was a slightly pureer cage, isolated in a separate elbow room, where the rat was alone with adequate food and water. Finally, the enriched environment was a large cage filled with legion(predicate) toys and furnished with every luxury a rat could want.The results indicated that the brains of the enriched rats were highly different from those of the impoverished rats. The cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was significantly heavier and thicker hence those of the impoverished rats. Also, the study found a significantly greater enactment of glial cells in the enriched rats brains compared with the rats raised in the dull environment. after(prenominal) 10 years of experiment and research the researchers could clearly and confidently state that there is no doubt that legion(predicate) aspects of brain anatomy and brain alchemy are changed by experience. However, umpteen scientists were skeptical of there findings because there were factors that Rosenzweig and Bennett didnt take into consideration. The enriched rats were handled more which could have been a brain stimulus and the impoverished rats could have been stressed from having no contact with anyone or anything at all. touch AggressionDo AggressionOne of he almost noneworthy and influential experiment ever conducted in psychology history show how children learn to be aggressive. This study by Albert Bandura and his associates Dorothea Ross and Shelia Ross was carried out in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers asked for the help of the Stanford University bindry in obtaining thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls raging from ages 3-6. The average age for he children was 4 years and 4 months. Twenty iv-spot of the children were assigned to the control group which was the group that wasnt exposed to any get. The rest of the children were divided into two groups one exposed to aggressive models and one exposed to non-aggressive models, they were in any case divided by sex. They eventually had 8 observational groups divided by gender and level of aggression. First, the experimenter brought a child from one of the groups to a playroom with an adult model.The adult model beat a Bobo doll with a fake mallet while the child play with other toys. some other child was brought in by and by and the adult model ignored the Bobo doll. This went on for all the groups. 1) The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to assume the rent violent doingss they observed when left alone with the Bobo doll. 2) everyplaceall, girls were more likely to imitate the verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll, while the boys showed more physical violence. 3) Boys were significantly more physically aggressive thus girls in nearly all the conditions. 4) The boys employ the mallet significantly more then girls in almost all of the conditions. 5) The control group was generally less violent then the data-based group.6) in cases with a non-aggressive female, the children used hardly any aggressive language.What You conceive Is What You GetThis study involves teachers expectancies of pupils and how that affects the students I.Q. gains. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a study where they theorized that when an primary(a) s chooldays teacher is provided with learning (such as I.Q. scores) that creates certain expectancies about a students potential, either strong or weak, the teacher mightiness unknowingly behave in ways that subtly encourage or facilitate the performance of the students frontn as more likely to succeed. An elementary school was chosen andall the children ground levels 1-6 were given an I.Q. test near the beginning of the year. The teachers were told that there students were taking the Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition. This was told to them because this test was supposed to be a predictor for a childs academic blooming.Teachers believed that students that scored higher would enter a period of change magnitude learning abilities. This was also not true. Children were chosen at random to be within the top 20 percentile of this test and the teachers were informed of this. All other children were the control group of this experiment. At the end of the year the children were teste d again using the I.Q. test and the children originally chosen for the top 20% showed a significantly increased score then those of the control group in grades one and two. In grades 3-6 the difference was not so great. The reason for the 1st and 2nd grade development was thought to be because of how younger minds were more malleable then older children and how younger children dont have a composition from previous school years.I Can See It All Over Your FaceResearchers Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen conducted a study about how facial expressions and emotions are a universal language. The first problem with this experiment was that the researchers had to find subjects that had neer been exposed to media or magazines because this would enable the subjects to not truthfully identify a certain emotional expression. Ekman and Freisen found a group of people like this in the Southeast Highlands of New Guinea called the Fore people. They were an isolated stone pit Age society with n ot much contact of any other people outside there environment, let alone any media. They had not been exposed to emotional facial expressions other then those of there confess people. The two researchers showed there experimental groups of adults and children pictures of different facial expressions of people from the join States and told them a sentence.They asked them to identify by pointing, to the correct matching facial expression. The adults were given three pictures to claim from and the children were given two. There was not much difference between male and female recognition of expressions, however the children did fair a little better in the experiment. This could have been attributed to the fact thatthe children only had to choose between two pictures instead of three. The results for both adults and children clearly support the researchers theory that contingent facial behaviors are universally associated with particular emotions. The only trouble that the Fore peopl e had was distinguishing between vexation and surprise, and this was because these people closely associated fear and surprise as one emotion.Racing Against Your aggregateUsing their earlier research and clinical observations, two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, create a model of traits for a peculiar(prenominal) type of persons behavioural mannequin that they believed was related to growing levels of cholesterol and to amount disease. The first image, pattern A, had characteristics such as a drive to achieve your goals, a competing personality, multi-tasking that involves meeting deadlines, and original alertness. Following this is some other type of people, called pattern B. Pattern B is the aim opposite of pattern A. They lacked drive, ambition, desire to compete, and involvement in deadlines. A 3rd set of behaviors developed was called pattern C. This was very much like pattern B but involved anxiety and insecurity. Friedman and Rosenman interviewe d about 166 men for there experiment. They first questions they asked them were about there familys medical history, so they could see if they had CHD. While in this interview the researchers categorized each man into a pattern A or B category by the way he answered questions, or his tone, or body language. for each one subject was asked to carry a log of there diet over the course of a week and root tests were taken from each of the men to measure cholesterol levels. Friedman and Rosenman matched each man into pattern A and pattern B easily. Each man fit into one of the developed patterns. The researchers found that the men in Pattern A group had significantly higher chances of heart disease and that type A behavior was a major cause of blood ab commonplaceities. However there could be other reasons why Type A had higher chances of heart disease such as, there familys history. more(prenominal) men in the pattern A group had parents with heart disease. Another difference was that pattern A men smoked more cigarettes a day then did the subjects in group B. This study was very outstanding in the history of psychology for a fewreasons. One way was that it proved certain behavioral patterns can cause major heart related illness. Another is that this study began a new line of research and questioning into the relationship between behavior and CHD. The largest long-range outcome from this study that has played an important role in creating a new severalise of psychology called health psychology.Not Practicing What You PreachThis study involves attitudes and actions toward different racial groups. It was determine if what people say is actually what they will do if they come face to face with the problem. Richard T. LaPiere traveled extensively with a young Chinese couple in 1930 and 1931. The couple was very nice and personable and he was glad to be traveling with them. During this eon there was a attractor of prejudice in the U.S. against Asians. So, LaPiere was very surprised when the Asian couple was gracefully accommodated at a very fine hotel that had a reputation for greatly disliking Orientals. Two months later he called the same hotel and asked if they would accommodate a very important Chinese man and they said defiantly not. LaPiere then developed a theory that stated What people say is often not what they do. The study was conducted in two separate parts. First, LaPiere went with his Chinese friends to some(prenominal) hotels and restaurant throughout the U.S. over the course of two years.He took saucer of how the couple was treated and made sure to first stay out of site of the managers of the establishments to ensure that the couple wouldnt be treated otherwise in his presence. The second part of the experiment was for LaPiere to wait 6 months afterwards there trip (to mention sure the effect of the Chinese couples visit had faded), and then call each establishment that they went to or stayed at, and asked them if the y would accommodate a Chinese person.After almost three years, LaPiere had enough information to make a comparison of brotherly attitudes social behavior. Out of the 251 hotels and restaurants they attended, only one refused the couple and LaPiere service because of the couples race. Aside from that instance, all other places accommodated them with average or above average service. When he received most of the letters back with an answer from the hotels and restaurants over 90% of them said they would absolutely not accommodate anyone of the Chinese race. This confirmed LaPieres theory that what peoplesay, is not always how they will act.The Power of ConformityResearch psychologist Solomon E. Asch conducted a study to see if people will give into peer pressure sensation and adapt to there friends ideas. A person was let into a room (Subject A) with seven other subjects. These seven people, without subject A knowing, were not participants in the experiment, they were helping the e xperimenter. Each person was asked which line was longer on a card that was sh testify to them. Subject A went first and then followed was the seven other subjects and then subject A was asked again. They did this several times until one time, all the other subjects disagreed with subject A and all picked the same one, different form his choice.When the card came back to subject A he picked the one everyone else picked. lxxv percent of the time the first subject will conform to the groups consensus at least once. The powerful effects of group pressures to conform were clearly demonstrated in Aschs study. There are four factors that could have an effect on the reduction of conformity. These factors are social support, draw and commitment to the group, size of the group, and gender of the group. If you have people on your side you are more likely to stay with your answer rather then conform.herd Into The Behavioral SinkThe effects of crowding on our behavior are something that has in terested psychologists for decades. One man in particular, John B. Calhoun was peculiarly interested in it when he conducted this study on crowding and social pathology. It may be hard to believe but rats do have a social side. The reason Calhoun used rats were because he take many subjects for long periods of time that were willing to crowd together for a while. world wouldnt be very good at this. He used a 1014 foot room and divided it into 4 slits. Section one was connected to section 2 by a ramp, section 2 was connected to section 3 by a ramp, and section 3 was connected to section 4 by a ramp. The walls were electrified so in order to get from section 1 to section 4 you needed to go through all the rooms. The rooms were also filledwith shreds of paper, in order for the rats to make nests. The experimenter filled the rooms with rats.They started with about 4 rats and waited or the rats to multiply until they reached 80. When over 80 were reached some rats were remove so the y always had a constant number. When the rats got older, they started to fight with each other for space even though it wasnt necessarily too crowd. The two end rooms were soon fought for because they got the most space and privacy so the rat that won the fight always stayed on guard at the end of the ramp for security. whatsoever rats became submissive and others always fought. Some of the rats were very sexually active and some wanted nothing to do with it. Some of the mothers in the two middle pens became inadequate.They often left their children and lost all maternal abilities. One environment where the same thing that happened to the rats might happen to humans is in an overcrowded prison. It was found in a very crowded prison where each inmate has approximately 50 square feet, as opposed to one with more room, there were more cases of homicides, suicide, illness, and disciplinary problems. Crowding also has negative effects on problem-solving abilities. When in a small room thats crowded subjects had a more difficult time listening to a story and putting tighter a puzzle, then did another group with more space and the same tasks.Relaxing Your Fears AwayResearcher Joseph Wolpe was a research psychologist specializing in the systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. The ledger phobia comes from Phobos, the name of the Greek god of fear. Phobias are divided into three main categories. Simple phobias are phobias that involve ill-judged fears of animals or specific situations such as small spaces or h eight-spots. Social phobias are irrational fears about interaction with others. Agoraphobia is the irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space. These are all irrational and all can be treated in similar ways. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that was credited to Wolpe as perfecting and applying it to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is the way of unlearning a learned behavior. Reciprocal captureion is when two responses inhibit each other, and only one may exist at a given moment. There are three steps that a patient must follow in orderto rid themselves of a phobia. Wolpe says that you cannot be in a expel relaxed state and have an irrational fear at the same time, so the first step is relaxation.He taught the patient to go into a deep state of relaxation whenever they wanted or needed too. The process involves tensing and relaxing your muscles until you have reached a state of complete relaxation. Wolpe also incorporated hypnosis to ensure full relaxation. The next step in the process is for the healer and patient to develop a list of high anxiety-producing situations involving your phobia. Starting with the least stressful and ending with the most stressful. The final do is called the unlearning stage.The patient has to go into a deep state of relaxation and the therapist will read off to you your fears of the list. If at any point you smelling an xiety the therapist plosives you return to your relaxation mode and the therapist will continue. This process continues until the therapist can go through the total list with you feeling the least bit anxious. The success of their therapy was judged by the patients own reports and by the occasional direct observation. He had a success rate of 91% with the 39 cases he had. The average number of treatment sessions needed was 12.3. Wolpe said that he hasnt had any patient relapse after a complete desensitization recovery.Whos Crazy Here, Anyway?David L. Rosenhan conducted an experiment with sane people going into mental facilities claiming to hear voices, to see if the patients would be immediately released if acting completely sane. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the situations in which the observers find the patients. Eight subjects including Rosenhan committed themselves to eight different mental infirmarys. Each subject was completely sane and in perfect mental health. When committing themselves to the hospital they complained of hearing voices and all but one where admitted and on record as having schizophrenia. Each patient once admitted, acted perfectly sane and showed no signs of schizophrenia yet were treated as though they did have a mental illness throughout their entire stay. They were given medication which they disposed of and were not treated as normal people.It was as if because theywere in the mental hospital, they were automatically considered to not be a in truth human being. Rosenhans study demonstrated rather strongly that normal patients cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the strength of the mental setting has over the patients actual behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a place, there is a strong inclination for them to be viewed in ways that strip them of all in dividuality. This study surprises me. Im taken aback that these professionals that have worked with mentally ill patients cannot decipher between a truly mental patient and a completely mentally-healthy patient. It is extremely unprofessional that the staff member/nurse did at one of the facilities by adjusting her bra in front of patients as if they werent real people.Thanks For The MemoriesOne of the leading researchers in the res publica of memory is Elizabeth Loftus at the University of Washington. She has found that when an event is take backed it is not accurately recreated. or else its whats called reconstructive memory. Loftus defines a presupposition as a condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense. For example, suppose that you have witnessed an automobile accident and I ask you, How many people were in the car that was speeding? The question presupposes that the car was speeding. One experiment done by Loftus was having students in small groups w atch a car accident video that was about 1 minute long. After the film ended the students had to answer questions. For half the students the first question was How devalued was car A going when it ran the stop sign?The other students had a question that read How fast was car A going when I turned right? The last question for both groups was Did you see the stop sign? In the group that had been asked about the stop sign 53% of the subjects said they saw a stop sign for car A, while only 35% in the turned right group claimed to have seen it. Based on these and other studies, Loftus argues that an accurate theory of memory and recall must include a process of reconstruction that occurs when new information is integrated into the original memory of an event. There is little doubt that in the course of criminal prosecutions, eye witness reports are subject to many sources oferror such as post event information integration.

Dick Hebdige’s work Subculture: The Meaning of Style

Dick Hebdiges toy Sub purification The Meaning of stylus has had a great impact deep down the argona of cultural studies as it manages to take the preceding theories of subculture one step further, and to pinpoint the differences between culture and subculture as well as to decipher the the hidden messages inscribed on the glossy surfaces of ardor (Hebdige, 18). Hebdige follows on the tracks of semiology as theorized before him by de Saussure and Roland Barthes and tries to read and discover the signs and the style of the subcultures that emerged in Great Britain after public War II, such as the flashs, the mods or the skinheads.Also, he is inspired to a great extent by Levi-Strausss structuralist anthropology. What is re all toldy significant active Hebdiges works though is that he applies the purely theoretical fig that had been constructed by the preceding authors directly to the varied styles which appeared as forms of subculture. Thus, he tries to interpret the outer signs which were displayed by each of the groups, from the punks to the skinheads, and reveal their genial and cultural meaning.He uses wearing and hair styles, types of music or dancing and so on, as small-arm of the language of the subcultures, in which the actual social meanings are inscribed. Thus, according to Hebdige although the social split upes were said to have disappeared after the atomic number 16 World War, they were actually plain transformed into ideological divisions from the of importstream. The classes thusly formed were subcultures, that is, marginal discourses which opposed the oecumenical tendency of the nameless culture existing at that point in timeIt has become nearthing of a clich to talk of the level after the Second World War as one of enormous upheaval in which the conventional patterns of living in Britain were swept aside to be replaced by a new, and superficially less class-ridden system Nonetheless class refused to disappear. The ways in which class was lived, however the forms in which the experience of class prepare prospect in culture did change dramatically.The advent of the troop media, changes in the geological formation of the family, in the organization of school and work, shifts in the relative status of work and leisure, all served to fragment and polarize the working-class community, producing a series of marginal discourses within the broad confines of class experience. (Hebdige, 54) As Hebdige emphasizes, the subcultural styles formed their consume rhetoric by means of a certain way of living(a) and of an ostentatious appearance, as a response to the particular cultural, social, political circle of the time.In brief, it can be said that these subcultural styles were a form of protest to the anonymous culture. Although sometimes their rhetoric, as in the deterrent example of the punks, was intentionally baffling and consciously aiming at meaninglessness, to the point that it take careed to w ork against the reader and to resist every unequivocal interpretation,(Hebdige, 89) it formed nevertheless a coherent symbolic enact in itself.The subcultural groups represent, in Hebdiges view, responses to the contrary mythology of class, that is, to the way in which class was alternatively proclaimed as gone and then reaffirmed by the media earlier the different styles and the ideologies which structure and determine them represent negotiated responses to a contradictory mythology of class. In this mythology, the withering away of class is paradoxically countered by an undiluted classfulness, a wild-eyed conception of the traditional undivided way of (working-class) life revived in two ways weekly on television programs like Coronation Street.The mods and skinheads, then, in their different ways, were handling this mythology as much as the exigencies of their material condition. They were learning to live within or without that amorphous body of images and typifications mad e available in the mass media in which class is alternately overlooked and overstated, denied and reduced to caricature. (Hebdige, 55) Thus, Hebdige sees subcultures as alike and coherent forms of rhetoric, which go beyond the merely desire to shock the public opinion.In fact, as he theorizes, all the parts of the systems of symbols that make up a particular style are homologous, and they can be said to be as coherent as a whole way of life In Profane Culture, Willis shows how, contrary to the popular myth which presents subcultures as wide-open forms, the internal structure of any particular subculture is characterized by an extreme edict each part is organically related to other parts and it is through with(predicate) the fit between them that the subcultural member makes sense of the institution.For instance, it was the homology between an alternative measure out system (Tune in, turn on, drop out), hallucinogenic drugs and pungent rock which made the hippy culture cohere as a whole way of life for individual hippies. (Hebdige, 123) As Hebdige remarks the subcultures were actually concentrated constructs, which were usually meant as a response to a crisis situation, as is the case of the punks at the end of the 1970s, whose rhetoric mimicked the chaos of the English social and stinting life.The violent and obscene style was in fact a language in itself, in perfect accordance with the way in which swore or spoke There was a homological relation between the gilded cut-up clothes and spiky hair, the pogo and amphetamines, the spitting, the vomiting, the format of the fanzines, the insurrectionary poses and the soulless, frantically compulsive music. The punks wore clothes which were the sartorial equivalent of swear words, and they swore as they get holded with calculated effect, lacing obscenities into record notes and publicity releases, interviews and love songs.Clothed in chaos, they produced Noise in the calmly orchestrated Crisis of e actual lyday life in the late 1970 s(Hebdige, 125) Hebdige thus highlights the identity of language and style within the subcultural rhetoric. The punks for instance functioned as a current in which the meanings were not point fixed as such, although the worldwide meaning behind the style was that the forbidden is permitted, as Hebdige comments If we were to write an epitaph for the punk subculture, we could do no better than repeat Poly Styrenes famous dictum Oh Bondage, Up Yours or somewhat more concisely the forbidden is permitted, but by the same token, nothing, not even these forbidden signifiers (bondage, safety pins, chains, hair-dye, etc. ) is sacrosanct and fixed. (Hebdige, 125)The subcultures were thus a way of subverting the anonymous, mainstream currents trough a form of rhetorical rhetoric. The main discontents with the contemporary world were thus displayed by means of dress or discordant music for example, aiming at a deconstruction of traditional concepts or cultural fa cts.The subcultural styles didnt target necessarily the values of a certain edict, as it is usually believed, but rather those notions and cultural patterns that they found as incoherent and contradictory. They were actually an abstract embodiment of the outside chaos, and not a chaotic response to order, or a protest against order. Also, the subcultural streams aimed at emphasizing severalty and difference and their adherents were intentionally posing as aliens to society and wearing masks so as to avoid any categorization or prescribed identityThey the punks played up their Otherness, happening on the world as aliens, inscrutables. Though punk rituals, accents and objects were deliberately used to signify working-classness, the comminuted origins of individual punks were disguised or symbolically disfigured by the make-up, masks and aliases which seem to have been used, like Bretons art, as ploys to escape the principle of identity. (Hebdige,126) Another very important charact eristic of the subcultural movements is, as Hebdige notes, the fact that they strived to confuse the usual divisions of race, sexuality and chronology by combining them in their style.The boundaries between the white and black cultures are progressively erased through the borrowings that the white cultures made from the black ones in their style it is on the plane of aesthetics in dress, dance, music in the whole rhetoric of style, that we find the dialogue between black and white well-nigh subtly and comprehensively recorded (Hebdige, 96) The subcultures proceeded to mix up the separate elements of the mainstream culture, attack thus the idea of identity and opening the way to difference and othernessBehind punks favored cut ups lay hints of disorder, of breakdown and category confusedness a desire not only to erode racial and grammatical gender boundaries but also to confuse chronological sequence by merge up details from different periods. (Hebdige, 128) The important thing t o note therefrom is that in Hebdiges theory the subcultures were deviations from the anonymous culture, aiming at decentralizing some of the most rooted concepts and ideas of society, and at establishing a new different order outside the stereotypes of society. All this was done through style, ranging from music to dressing and all the other means of expression.Style works therefore as a system of signs, as a text that must be read to quail at the meaning behind it. Obviously, Hebdiges work deals with the subcultures in the moderne epoch, after the Second World War. Therefore, there have been attempts to take his study further, so as it may capture the way in which subculture is manifested in postmodernism. Although the main subcultures that Hebdige discusses- the punks, the teddy boys, the mods, the skinheads, the Rasta men and so on, lost their force or even disappeared, some subcultural groups still exist today, although their structure seems to be different from that of the m odern subcultures.The styles in the contemporary world are, to a great extent, the products of postmodernism and therefore heed its main tenants, its fragmentation and hybridization. There are no longer whole compact, coherent or well delimited subcultures like those identified by Hebdige, therefore the concepts he proposed remain mostly valid for the historical period he analyzed in his work. His approach is very enlightening for any cultural studies inquiry but it should be modified or move so as to comprise the contemporary phenomena.

Becoming American

Dinesh DSouza was born in Mumbai, India to p atomic number 18nts from the state of Goa in westbound India. He grew up in a middle-class family in Mumbai. His father was a chemical engineer his m different is an office secretary. He was raised without abundant luxury, scarce neither did he lack for anything. He arrived in the united States in 1978, originally through a Rotary International program, aid Patagonia Union High School in Patagonia, Arizona, and then move to Dartmouth College, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in English in 1983.In 1981, DSouza published the name calling of officers of the Gay Student Alliance in an article for The Dartmouth Re idea, including the names of those who were free closeted. While at Dartmouth, DSouza became the editor of a conservative monthly called The Prospect. The wallpaper and its writers ignited much controversy during DSouzas editorship. Later on, D Souza published a lot of write up with compliments to his new life in the States.D Souza able to illustrate the feelings and emotion of an immigrant coming from a third demesne rural, for him (DSouza), as a new comer in the States he feel a typical experienced that alternate between wonders and delight. DSouza added that, the States is a country where all spate has freedom, hard ciphering, the company is organized, the economic is abundant, the roads are mighty paved, telephone has dial tone, highways and get board are clear and accurate. Moreover, the author claimed that American government provides an astonishingly good life for their ordinary citizen.Rich nation live well everywhere, but what distinguishes America is that it provides a remarkably high metre of living for the habitual man. concord to him (DSouza) that a country is not judged by how it treats its just about wet citizens but by how it treats the average citizen. The author added, as an immigrant coming from a third world country, you cannot help noticing that America is a country wh ere unworthy sight live comparatively well they had television sets and cars.Ordinary Americans not except enjoy security and dignity, but also comforts that other societies suspend for the elite. American worker particularly in construction regularly gain 4$ for a cappuccino, where maids drive nice cars, where plumbers take their families on vacation to Europe. If this luxurious living in America as compared to the living in the Third world country, all of us can noticed that bulky gap. Because according to the author, the life in the Third world country was miserable, people are struggling for their basic existence, it is not that they dont work hard.On the contrary, they labor incessantly and endure hardships that are almost unimaginable to people in America. In the villages of Asia and Africa, for example, a common sight is a farmer beating a pickaxe into the ground, women wobbling under heavy loads, children carrying stones. These people are performing arduous labor, but they are getting nowhere. The better that they can hope for is to survive for another day. Their clothes are tattered, their dentition are rotten, and disease and death constantly loom over the horizon.For most poor people on the planet, life is characterized by squalor, indignity, and brevity. The author sited some(a) problem with regard to the situation of a Third world country are their basic infrastructure is abysmal. The roads are not properly paved, the water is not safe to drink, pollution in the cities has reached hazardous levels, public transportation is overcrowded and unreliable, economic is unstable and there is a two-year hold period to get a telephone.The poorly paid government officials are inevitably corrupt, which means that you must pay bribes to get things done. Most important, prospects for the childrens future are dim. Dinesh DSouza has elaborate many cerebrates why America is so great, he was able to discussed some issue with regard to Americas equality, pursuit of felicity, the ethics of work, religious liberty, ideals and interest and Americans virtue. According to the author, American critics alleged that the history of United States is defined by a series of crimes, slavery and genocide.American critics even point out a pick up for apologies for these historical offenses and seek financial reparations for minorities and African-American. But the truth is that American has gone(p) further than any society in establishing equality of rights. As document by William Mcneill in Plagues and People, it was determined that numbers of Indians did perish as a result of their contact with whites, but most of them died by contracting diseases such(prenominal) as smallpox, measles, malaria, tuberculosis for which they had not developed immunities.Surely, all of this is relevant to the reparations debate. A trenchant observation that this issue was totally healed is the fight of Muhammad Ali against George honcho for the heavyweight titl e, for which this battle was held in the African nation of Zaire. The issue with regard to slavery proved to be the transmission belt that brought Africans into the orbit of Western prosperity and freedom. Blacks in America have a higher standard of living and much freedom than any comparable group of blacks on the continent of Africa.DSouza, stated that all this allegation is not strictly true, for a few decades now we can see blacks and some minorities have enjoyed more rights and privileges than whites. The reason behind this is that America had implemented affirmative action policies that mete out legal preferences to minority groups in university admission, jobs and government contracts. The author illustrates the pursuit of happiness in America because it offers more opportunity and social mobility than any other country. As a matter of fact, most societies offer limited opportunities for and lower-ranking chance of true social mobility.Even in Europe, social mobility is re latively restricted. On the other hand, DSouza discussed the ethic of work in America that gives a worldly focus in which death and the afterlife recede from terrestrial view. The people gazed are shifted from heavenly aspiration to earthly progress. In America, American Founders are responsible for the change, drawing from the inspiration of modern philosophers like Locke and ten Smith. The American Founders knew that they could not transform human nature, so they devised a body that would thwart the schemes of the wicked and channel the energies of flawed persons toward the public good.The religious and ethnical divergence in America does not lead to extreme vehemence there was generally no framework fro people to coexist harmoniously, although America has a lot of religious groups, such as Hindus, Muslims, Irish Catholics and Irish Protestant, Jews and Palestinians and etc. The government still managed to balance the culture and religious difference of their citizen. One rea son that separation of religion and government worked is that colonial America was made up of numerous, mostly Protestant sects. The Puritans dominated in mommy the Anglicans, in Virginia the Catholics were concentrated in Maryland and so on.The second reason was, the American Founders were able to avoid religious oppression and conflict ii which they found a way to channel peoples energies out-of-door from theological quarrels and into commercial activity. DSouza concluded his write up that America is the greatest, freest, and most decent society in existence. For him, America is an oasis of morality in a desert of cynicism and barbarism and the history will view America as a great bequest to the world, a gift that Americans today must preserve and cherish. He imagines that, if ever he remained in India, what probably is his life now?Would he find and married a woman who was identical of his religion, socio-economic and cultural background? Would he certainly plow a medical do ctor, an engineer or a software software engineer? For him, as a writer, he considers his life as a apprenticed one, the opportunity to migrate in America became his bridge to gain his winner in life today. Bibliography Bookstove, Nov. 16, 2007. What so Great About America. Stanza Ltd. April 08, 2007. http//www. bookstove. com/Non-fiction/Whats-So-Great-About-America-by-Dinesh-Dsouza. 59078/1

Contrast/Comparison Essay on Horror Movies

Lexus Marshall English 101/Sec 011 Comparison & Contrast look for 10/16/12 Ms. Watkins In two horror films, A nightmare on Elm Street and Texas chainsaw Massacre the main killers feed similarities and differences between each other. By their past, their killings, and weapons. In the horror film, A Nightmare On Elm Street, takes place in a town called Elm Street where teenagers are paying the price for actions their parents made, by burning a man to death, when they were young.His face is impair from being burned, he wears a red and black sweater, and has razor knives on his hand. His name was Freddy Kreuger, and he would kidnap young children and burn them in a furnace. Although the parents killed him when they found come forward what he did, his spirit didnt erase and he had the ability to enter the teenagers dreams where he can exact his revenge. He brings them to an old bedraggled building in their dream and stabs them with a glove that has razor knives.Unless they escape, which eventually he catches them. overleap for one of the teenagers named Nancy Thompson, who manages to escape him every time. In the other horror film, Texas Chainsaw Massacre, a serial killer named Thomas Hewitt, also cognize as Leatherface, murdered people who would pass by their small Texas town. contrasted the film A Nightmare On Elm Street, the town is stranded and not a lot of people live there.Thomas Hewitt, who was abandoned as a baby turns into a murderer. Unlike Freddy Krueger, Thomas world-class sometimes tortured his victims in horrific ways by skinning them alive. He makes a mask with the skin he took off to make a mask for his face, Because when he was born his face was disfigured. He takes the people that he finds brings them into his house and commits the killings in his basement with a chainsaw, which people soon impression he was in love with. There were no survivors.The similarities between two the murderers in the films are that they both are serial kill ers who lived a clownish childhood. Both were bullied by other children growing up. And thought of killing at a very young age. They also both have disfigured faces, but from different reasons. In two horror films, A Nightmare on Elm Street and Texas Chainsaw Massacre the main killers have similarities and differences between each other. Although one is fictional and the other is based on true events, they both still have

Is Hong Kong an Ideal Place

Is Hong Kong an ideal place? According to the Global Urban scrap Report (2007-2008) Hong Kong dropped 7 places to 26 as a competitive metropolis for investment. If its any consolation, Hong Kong remained single of the most affluent cities in the world and one of the top 5 in Asia in term of economy, infrastructure and emancipation of speech. Yes, Hong Kong is undoubtedly achieved so well with flying color, having a stable economy, trade good job market and good accessibility to anywhere out-of-pocket to intra-city rape network.However, the quality of life in this cosmopolitan city does not alone meet the expectation of its people in terms of social, economical and environmental indicators. Firstly, Hong Kong is particularly shot of flat fine-tune for building purpose. Owning to the scarcity of land and the large population, housing has often been a grave problem in Hong Kong. Indeed, many Hong Kong people aspire to own a better home. However, due to spiraling rent and house prize, more and more people ar unable to afford the high value.Sandwich class suffers the most. As they ar not eligible to public housing, the only choice for them is to endure exceedingly high prize. Reasonably good housing accommodation within the representation of the average Hong Kong people is often seriously lacking- the judicature should preserve themselves. Secondly, serious air pollution spoils the quality of our life and threatens our very existence. In fact, the problem of air pollution has been particularly acute in new-fashioned year and the number of days with foggy condition per year in like manner increases.Those lingering exhaust fumes leave a bad flavor on the minds of visitors. This turn down the tourism industry, as they are unsatiable the view of the Victoria Harbour. Thirdly, as Hong Kong follows a small government traditional thinking, one of the important reasons for having an unprecedented surplus is a simple valuate system and lower tax rate, att racting businessman to invest and tourists to spend here. goat the governments bumper harvest, a large demand to share the fruits of economic development is pushing on Financial Secretary.After the fiscal figure is launched, the policy remains the same as the previous budget, showing that they absorb no sense of improving the quality of living of the citizens and strengthen the conflict of Hong Kong. Hong Kong has best of the west and east blended here. Hong Kong people are tall of having such advantages. When the housing problem and air pollution are solved, Hong Kong impart surely become a more stable and prosperous city. Hong Kong government should take more concern from society to get benefits from flourishing economy.

Distinctive Human Resource Are What Firms Need Essay

Introduction judicaturemarking is a crucial direction tool that guides the stakeholders on the general cognitive process of the nerve as well as mobilizing the employees on a continuous improvement of the organisations environmental and social performance. Bench marking is considered to have an impact when the proves of the government activity performance ar warm (Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). It is essential to recognize that bench marking and the transfer of the take up industry practices ar suppose to help an organization in the long run done utmost utilization of the available resources and filling in the gaps associated with an organization poor performance (Drew, 1995).The notion of a single best practice may be overstated. Distinctive human resource practices help to create unique competencies that discern products and services and drive competitiveness in organizations. People management practices argon the drivers of efforts to create distinctive competencies and, in turn, stemma strategies. There are divers(a) human resource management models that have been commitd by companies to benchmark and stay competitive in the turbulent stemma environment and they allow the industrial Organization Model and McKenzies 7s Strategy which include shared set, structure, strategy, systems, style, ply and skills.Shared ValuesShared surveys are usually held beliefs, mindsets, and assumptions that shape how an organization behaves and its corporate culture. Shared values are what mother trust. They are an interconnecting centre of the 7Ss model. Values are the identity by which a company is known throughout its ancestry areas, what the organization stands for and what it believes in, it central beliefs and attitudes. These values must be explicitly stated as both corporate objectives and individual values.StructureStructure is the organizational chart and associated information that shows who reports to whom and how tasks are both divided up an d integrated. In other words, structures describe the pecking order of authority and accountability in an organization, the way the organizations units join to each other centralized, functional divisions (top-down) decentralized (the trend in large organizations) matrix, network, holding among others. These relationships are frequently diagrammed in organizational charts. Most organizations physical exercise some mix of structures pyramidal, matrix or networked ones to accomplish their goals.StrategyStrategies are plans an organization formulates to reach identified goals, and a set of determinations and actions aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over the competition.SystemsSystems define the flow of activities involved in the daily operation of business, including its core processes and its support systems. They refer to the procedures, processes and routines that are apply to manage the organization and characterize how important work is to be done. sortStyle refers t o the cultural style of the organization, how key managers behave in achieving the organizations goals, how managers collectively spend their time and attention, and how they use symbolic behaviour. How management acts is more important that what management says.StaffStaff refers to the number and types of personnel within the organization and how companies develop employees and shape basic values.SkillsSkills refer to the ascendant distinctive capabilities and competencies of the personnel or of the organization as a whole.Industrial Organization (I/O) ModelThe international environment is primary determinant of the organizational strategy rather than internal decisions of managers. The environment presents threats and opportunities all competing to have correspond access to resources. Resources are amplyly mobile amidst upstandings. Organizational success is achieved by offering goods and services at lower costs than competitors. passe-partout sports49ers The 49ers have su cceeded by using a strategy of long-term worker education by recruiting through college drafts rather than trades. This helps the team cement fealty to the club by the players.Raiders The Raiders scoop up talented players who fail or do not fit in elsewhere. The club reinforces its strategy through autocracy where the members are not supposed to participate in decision making. The system of the club embraces outside recruit of experienced players.Retailing gross sales as the ServiceSears The Sears woof system requires extensive tuition. The style keeps token of employee attitude and morale through employee surveys, pay programs to match other sell business through industrial organization model.Nordstrom The Nordstrom structure of hiring is decentralized and uses no formal selection tests. There are continuous stream of programs to set off employees with very midget attention paid to the staffs in terms of training and commissions when retailing. The link between employees and product market strategy is sometimes slight direct in services, but there are still relationships between the way employees are managed, the competencies employees help produce, and the way companies compete.Professional Service Firms instruction and Advice as the Product Boston Consulting Group (BCG) The style of BCG is to hire the best undergraduate and MBA students to work for them. The steadfastlys system requires rigorous selection procedures and through industrial organization Model provides exceptional compensation to the employees as compared to other organizations. The firm develops its staff through formal training. BCG shared value cost expects each team to come up with innovative slipway to reinforce its entrepreneurial culture.McKinsey The professional firm develops its distinctive capabilities through on-campus recruiting and employee skills and development through extensive training model. The firms strategy lies in providing clients with consistent servi ces. The core competency is also consistent with the products and the techniques of the company. billet SchoolsHarvard Business The business school staff development represents internal skills development. The school hires employees and turns them into experts. The business school invests a lot on employee development through the staff model.Wharton School The school recruitment strategy model relies on external environment to recruit its employees from a network of academicians. The system model that is employ to make the institution maintain a competitive edge in the market is by hiring employees with superior technical skills and by making use of its outside market.Financial ServicesChubb The insurance firm success is establish on its shared value model of becoming the insurance of choice. The firm makes substantial staff investment through its recruitment, intensive training and interrogatory before hiring.American International Group (AIG) The success of the insurance firm is through its industrial orientation strategy model where the company identifies in the buff areas of business, creates new products, and benefits from the first mover advantage as a result of exploiting the market. The companys competencies are its ability to respond to the turbulent business environment. The company hires from its competitors and invests less on staff development.The Shipping BusinessFedEx The transfer business has a strategy model of empowering its employees in the implementation of its vision. basic service company to win the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award intensifier orientation program for staff development. One hub at FedEx meant that there were fewer coordination problems, allowing for autonomy and participation through it structural model. This model highly enhances obedience in employees.UPS The orientation of the company structure model takes an autocratic approach where the employees have no direct say over work organization matter s. Company standards for each task through its shared value model. Pays the highest allowance and benefits in the industry (Industrial Organization Model). Productivity of UPSs drivers is about triplet times higher than that at FedEx due to its high compensation. UPSs business demands a level of coordination that is incompatible with individual employee involvement and a high commitment approach through it structural model.Food and Beverages atomic number 6 Coke builds on employee skills and hangs on them through staff development model. Coke hires college graduates with little or corporate experience and provides intensive training. There is promotion and longevity based salary incentives. Decision making is centralizedPepsi The company relies on employees innovativeness to identify market niches Pepsi hires employees with experience and advanced technical skills through industrial organization model. Decision making is decentralized. Employees have little job security. little loyal employees.ReferencesDrew, S. A. W. (1995). Strategic Benchmarking Innovation Practices in Financial Institutions. International ledger of Bank Marketing 13 (1),4-16.Vorhies, D. W., & Morgan, N. A. (2005). Benchmarking Marketing Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage. daybook of Marketing 69 (January Issue), 8094.

A Brief Analysis of Subprime Crisis

A Brief Analysis of Subprime Crisis Introduction The US subprime owe crisis was one of the first indicators of the late-2000s mo meshworkary crisis, characterized by a initiation in subprime owe holes and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backing mortgages. Approximately 80% of U. S. mortgages issued to subprime borrowers were adjustable- vagabond mortgages. After U. S. nursing syndicate gross sales prices peaked in mid-2006 and began their steep decline forthwith, refinancing became to a greater extent difficult.As adjustable-rate mortgages began to limit at higher(prenominal) interest judge, mortgage crisis so ard. Securities backed with mortgages, including subprime mortgages, widely held by monetary firms, lost roughly of their appraise. Global investors in addition drastically rock-bottom purchases of mortgage-backed debt and former(a) securities as part of a decline in the qualification and willingness of the privy monetary corpse to supp ort change. Concerns about the safety of U. S. reference point and financial trades led to tightening computer address around the world and decrease economic growth in the U.S. and Europe. 1. Backgroundmortgage market The adjacent reason or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the United States hold ripple which peaked in approximately 20052006. High default rates on subprime and adjustable-rate mortgages , began to attach quickly thereafter. An emergence in loan incentives, such as unbiased initial conditions and long-term trend of rising living accommodations prices encouraged borrowers to increase the commitment that they will be able to quickly re-financing more complaisant conditions for mortgage difficulties.Additionally, the economic incentives provided to the originators of subprime mortgages, along with outright fraud, change magnitude the number of subprime mortgages provided to consumers who would present otherwise qualified for conforming loans. How ever, once interest rates began to rise and caparison prices started to drop moderately in 20062007 in many split of the U. S. , refinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial price expired, home prices failed to rise as expected, and adjustable-rate mortgage interest rates reset higher.Falling prices also resulted in 23% of U. S. homes worth less than the mortgage loan by September 2010, providing a financial incentive for borrowers to forecast foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic, which part of subprime loans, that began in late 2006 in the U. S. continues to be a notice factor in the international economic crisis, be sustain it drains wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of briming institutions. In the years leading up to the crisis, significant amounts of irrelevant money f embarrasseded into the U. S. from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries.This inflow of b ills combined with low U. S. interest rates from 2002-2004 contri onlyed to easy credit conditions, which fueled both house and credit let the cat out of the bags. Loans of various types (e. g. , mortgage, credit card, and auto) were easy to obtain and consumers assumed an extraordinary debt load. As parts of the lodgement and credit booms, the amount of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities, which r from each one their measure out from mortgage defrayals and lodging prices, greatly increased. This financial innovation so that institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. With magnetic diping nursing home prices, is to use the worlds leading investment mortgage-backed securities severe financial institutions to report significant issuees. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the miserliness. Total losses ar estimated in t he trillions of U. S. dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were growing, a series of factors caused the financial system to pay back more and more fragile.Policymakers did not recognize the progressively all-important(a) image played by financial institutions such as investment marges. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial banks in providing credit to the U. S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. These institutions and round correct banks was also a significant debt burden, while providing the loans, there are not enough financial cushion absorb large amounts of loan default or mortgage-backed securities losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity.Concerns regarding the stability of dis finish financial institutions drove central banks to take action to provide funds to encourage lending and to restore faith in the commercial radical markets, which are integral to funding business operations. G everywherenments also bailed out key financial institutions, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The risks to the broader economy created by the housing market downturn and subsequent financial market crisis were prime factors in several decisions by central banks around the world to scale down interest rates and judicatures to implement economic stimulus packages.Effects on global stock markets referable to the crisis take away been dramatic. Between 1 January and 11 October 2008, owners of stocks in U. S. corporations had suffered about $8 trillion in losses, as their holdings declined in value from $20 trillion to $12 trillion. Losses in other countries seduce averaged about 40%. The value of the stock market and housing losses further down the local consumer spending, an important economic engine down(prenominal) pressure. The larger developed countries and emerging nations in November 2008 and March 2009 met with declare leaders to develop strategies to resolve the crisis.A variety of solutions contract been proposed by government officials, central bankers, economists, and business executives. 2. Causes The crisis can be attributed to a number of factors pervasive in both housing and credit markets, factors which emerged over a number of years. 2. 1 Boom and bust in the housing market The housing bubble in the United States grew alongside the stock of the late1990s. High stock wealth induced families to spend more of their new disposable income and save oft less. This consumption boom was largely focused on housing.The increase in damand for housing had multiple effects. First, the value of houing increased, which in turn increased posit of housing and jump-started the bubble. Second, the supply of housing decreased and more housing had to be built to meet the rising demand. The rising housing prices created an expectation that housing values would continue to ri se, leading home buyers to pay more for housing than the housing was actually worth. This self-fulfilling cycle continued until the median price of housing outgrew median incomes, peaking in about 2005.When the growth became unsustainable in 2006, the housing bubble burst. Before the rapid rise, followed by a sharp fall in housing prices, which will greatly exceed the mortgage debt, the description of the value of the property. 2. 2 High-risk mortgage loans In the years onwards the crisis, the behavior of lenders changed dramatically. Lenders offered more and more loans to higher-risk borrowers, including undocumented immigrants. Subprime mortgages amounted to $35 billion in 1994, 9% in 1996, $160 billion in 1999, and $600 billion in 2006.A interpret by the federal Reserve found that the average variation amongst subprime and prime mortgage interest rates declined significantly amongst 2001 and 2007. Decline in risk premiums and credit standards are common to the conspiracy of the credit boom and bust cycles. In addition to considering higher-risk borrowers, lenders have offered increasingly risky loan options and borrowing incentives. In 2005, the median down recompense for first-time home buyers was 2%, with 43% of those buyers making no down payment whatsoever. By comparison, China has down payment requirements that exceed 20%, with higher amounts for non-primary residences.The mortgage qualification guidelines began to change. At first, the stated income, verified assets loans came out. Proof of income was no longer needed. Borrowers just needed to state it and show that they had money in the bank. Then, the no income, verified assets loans came out. The lender no longer required demonstration of employment. Borrowers just needed to show proof of money in their bank accounts. The qualification guidelines kept getting looser in influence to produce more mortgages and more securities. This led to the creation of NINA. NINA is an abbreviation of No Income No Assets.Basically, NINA loans are official loan products and let you borrow money without having to prove or even state any owned assets. All that was required for a mortgage was a credit score. 2. 3 Mortgage fraud In 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation warned of an epidemic in mortgage fraud, an important credit risk of nonprime mortgage lending, they said, could lead to a problem that could have as much impact as the S&L crisis. The financial Crisis Inquiry thrill reported in January 2011, that mortgage fraud flourished in an environment of collapsing lending standards and lax regulation.The number of suspicious activity reportsreports of practicable financial crimes filed by depository banks and their affiliatesrelated to mortgage fraud grew 20-fold between 1996 and 2005 and then more than doubled again between 2005 and 2009. One study places the losses resulting from fraud on mortgage loans made between 2005 and 2007 at $112 billion. Lenders made loans that t hey knew borrowers could not afford and that could cause massive losses to investors in mortgage securities. New York State p risecutors are examining whether eight banks hoodwinked credit ratings agencies, to blow a fuse the grades of subprime-linked investments.The Securities and Exchange Commission, the Justice Department, the United States attorneys office and more are examining how banks created, rated, sold and traded mortgage securities that turned out to be nigh of the worst investments ever devised. In 2010, virtually all of the investigations, criminal as well as civil, are in their early stages. 2. 4 extension default swaps credit rating default swaps are financial performers used as a hedge and protection for debtholders, in particular MBS investors, from the risk of default.As the net worth of banks and other financial institutions deteriorated because of losses related to subprime mortgages, the likelihood increased that those providing the protection would have to pay their counterparties. This caused the system uncertainty, investors did not know which conjunction would be required to pay to cover the mortgage defaults. When investment bank Lehman Brothers went bankrupt in September 2008, there was much uncertainty as to which financial firms would be required to honor the Credit default swaps contracts on its $600 billion of bonds outstanding.Merrill Lynchs large losses in 2008 were attributed in part to the drop in value of its unhedged portfolio of collateralized debt obligations after AIG ceased offering Credit default swaps on Merrills collateralized debt obligations. The loss of confidence of trading partners in Merrill Lynchs solvency and its ability to refinance its short-term debt led to its scholarship by the Bank of America. 2. 5 Boom and collapse of the shadow banking system The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008.M ore than a third of the private credit markets can not be uesd as a pedigree of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 It would take a number of years of unanimous profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume. The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions. 3. Impacts 3. 1 Impact on the USThe credit market is likely to respond with tighter lending standards, fewer warehouse subprime mortgage lines, fewer subprime lenders, and greater self-regulation and reformation, most of which will be driven by the securitization market to the extent that it still exists. There may be an incline to proactively modify loans that would likely result in default. The increased pressure from the government and consumer groups, combined with new subprime lendi ng standards, will decrease lenders willingness to lend to nonprime borrowers and investors willingness to accede in subprime loan securitization.The result has been and will continue to be a credit crunch for subprime borrowers. The result will decrease availability of subprime lending, which in turn, will decrease homeownership among low-income or minority borrowers. When the housing bubble began to puncture in 2006, borrowers saw a sharp reduction in the value of their homes, and found themselves in a localize of negative equity, or a mortgage debt that far exceeded the value of the mortgaged home. Because homeownership is the single most important source of wealth, this meant many Americans experienced a dramatic loss in personal wealth.The decline in home prices has terms American homeowners more than 4 trillion dollars in wealth, and as previously noted, has cost African Americans alone between $71 and $122 billion. The decrease in home values not only caused homeowners, bu t also communities, to lose wealth. As a result of foreclosure, surrounding house values have declined. Neighbors progeny when it comes to putting a value on homes. Appraisers use comparable sales data to calculate the value of a home, which lenders require for selling and refinancing.Comparable sales in the community to reduce problems of all foreclosure houses, where in a position to sell the owner is not a pleasant option value. In addition, the borrower becomes unable to refinance at lower interest rates, this will cause even more foreclosures. 3. 2 Impact on the Chinese economy The US credit crunch has played out in the Chinese housing market. The house price movements in China, the US and the UK have travel synchronically, with the Chinese market lagging a bit behind the ii developed countries.The market condition of China at the start of 2008 was sympathetic to the US market during the first half of 2007, when the house prices began to drop. House prices in China increased sharply and even doubled during 2006-2008 in some fast developed cities. The Chinese National Development and Reform Commission showed that the House Price Index of 70 Large- and Medium-sized Cities in China rose 6. 5% in 2008, 1. 1% lower than the previous year. Meanwhile, the interest rate adjustment is widely used as a monetary instrument by most central banks to manage their national economies.From January 2001 to 2003, the US Federal Reserve cut the interest rate from 6. 5% to 1% to gain the economy . Cheap credit overheated the US housing market quickly. Consequently, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to cool the market. This U-turn in interest rate policy was the catalyst for the crash in the housing market that accelerated from 2006 onwards. 4. Regulatory proposals and long-term solutions President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009.The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and heighten authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. The DoddFrank contend Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into constabulary in July 2010 to address some of the causes of the crisis. 4. 1 State and Local Action Increasingly, state and local governments have taken action responding to the foreclosure crisis through a junto of municipal litigation and anti- raiding lending bills.Baltimore and Cleveland initiated public nuisance suits against prominent lenders finally year for targeting their communities through predatory lending. These cases may have an important role in providing meaningful, timely relief for a large number of homeowners who are in default or on the verge of default. In addition, over 25 states have initiated anti-predatory lending legislation triggered by North Carolinas successful legi slation enacted in 1999 and 2000. However, state legislation is limited due to federal anti-predatory lending statutes preempting state action.The Baltimore complaint, in particular, stresses the racialized impact of predatory lending. Two-thirds of the foreclosures associated with swell Fargo lending were in census tracts with over 60% African American populations, while less than 16% were in tracts with less than 20% African American residents. 4. 2 Federal Legislative Actions Over the last year, telling has introduced a variety of proposals designed to address the crisis, from increased funding for housing counseling and consumer education to empowering bankruptcy judges to unilaterally change the terms of existing mortgages to bail-out distressed borrowers.Federal and state regulators are following suit with centering and restrictions on some prime lending. There has been an increase in litigation related to the subprime lending market based on discriminatory predatory lendin g, an increased call for suitability standards in mortgage lending, and more non-consumer law suits, such as investors suing issuers, lenders suing brokers, and investors suing lenders. This comprehensive legislation includes the Federal Housing finance Regulatory Reform Act, The Hope for Homeowners Act, and the Foreclosure Prevention Act.The Federal Housing pay Regulatory Reform Act provides regulation for government sponsored entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks. This regulator will have the authority to establish capital standards, prudential management standards enforce its order through cease and desist authority, civil money penalties and the authority to crawfish out officers and directors restrict asset growth and capital distributions for undercapitalized institutions put a regulated entity into receivership and review and approve new product offerings of the enterprises.Conclusion This subprime mortgage crisis demonstrated a lesson for the world. Every financial institution and company learned an expensive fall from it. Every country learned what they should do and what they should avoid in the future. Moreover, each individual also learned the norm, the ethics, and the responsibilities that they need to follow and take in business practice. One important thing to remember is to not be too obsessed and greedy about anything.